Available indicators
BERD Agriculture, forestry & fishing
Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) in Agriculture, forestry and fishing in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices.
Private research and development expenditure supports innovation in the agriculture sector.Read more
BERD Manufacture of basic iron & steel and of ferro-alloys & their basic products
Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) in manufacture of basic iron and steel and of ferro-alloys and their basic products in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices.
Private research and development expenditure into metals manufacturing can lead to greater material and carbon efficiency and increased recycling.Read more
BERD Manufacture of wood, cork, straw & plaiting products (except furniture)
Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) in manufacture of wood, cork, straw and plaiting products, except furniture in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices
Private research and development expenditure into the manufacture of products from renewable organic materials supports innovation in the bioeconomy.Read more
BERD Rental & leasing activities
Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) in rental and leasing activities in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices.
Private research and development expenditure into rental and leasing activities can lead to innovations that increase material efficiency.Read more
BERD Repair & installation of machinery & equipment
Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) in repair and installation of machinery and equipment in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices.
Private research and development expenditure into repair activities can lead to innovations that increase material efficiency.Read more
BERD Sewerage, waste management, remediation activities
Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) in sewerage, waste management, remediation activities in Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices.
Private research and development expenditure supports innovation in the waste and recycling sector.Read more
Employment in Renewable Energy sector
The indicator measures the share of employment in the Renewable Energy sector. It is expressed as "People employed in RE sector per thousand country's employees".
Employment in a sector mobilises expertise.Read more
Environmental protection expenditure on waste management
Money spent on all activities directly aimed at the prevention, reduction and elimination of pollution or nuisances resulting from waste management activities. Excluded are activities that, while beneficial to the environment, primarily satisfy technical needs or health and safety requirements (Eurostat).
Expenditure can create demand for novel waste management solutions.Read more
Public R&D spending - Energy sector (PPS per capita)
Public R&D spending on the energy sector in relation to GDP per capita in Purchasing Power Standards
This may benefit the generation of renewable energy knowledge (but also of knowledge on fossil fuel efficiency).Read more
Public R&D spending - Energy sector (share of GBAORD)
The indicator measures the share of total Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays on R&D related to the “Energy” sector.
GBAORD data are measuring government support to research and development (R&D) activities, or, in other words, how much priority Governments place on the public funding of R&D. (Eurostat)
This may benefit the generation of bioeconomy knowledge.Read more
Public R&D spending - Environment sector (PPS per capita)
Public R&D spending on the environment sector in relation to GDP per capita in Purchasing Power Standards
This may benefit the generation of knowledge on sustainable agriculture and soil sciences.Read more
Public R&D spending - Environment sector (share of GBAORD)
The indicator measures the share of total Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays on R&D related to the “Environment” sector. GBAORD data are measuring government support to research and development (R&D) activities, or, in other words, how much priority Governments place on the public funding of R&D.
This may benefit the generation of bioeconomy knowledge.Read more
Combustile renewables and waste (% of total)
Combustible renewables and waste, measured as a percentage of total energy use, include: solid biomass, liquid biomass, biogas, industrial waste and municipal waste.
Combustible renewables and waste are renewable sources of energy that include any plant matter or waste that is used directly as fuel or converted into fuel, electricity or heat.Read more
Electricity production from renewables, excl. hydro (% of total)
Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding production from hydropower, as a percentage of total electricity produced. Includes: geothermal, solar, tidal, wind, biomass and biofuels.
Renewable energy production without hydro, largely considered an established technology, can provide insight into people's willingness to adopt clean energy technologies, government's efforts to meeting emission demands, and the maturity of the clean energy market.Read more
Plastic waste: net exports in kg per capita
This indicator shows net plastic waste exports in kilogram per capita. A negative number indicates that imports are greater than exports.
Whether a country is a net importer or exporter of plastic waste is an important indicator for understanding the structure of its market for waste plastic.Read more
Share of electricity from renewable sources
Share of electricity from renewable sources in gross final consumption.
By tracking the share of electricity from renewable sources, one can assess the dynamics of market development and whether it is still a niche or already a more established market.Read more
Consumption of Rare Earth Elements (ferro-cerium & other pyrophoric alloys)
Apparent consumption of Rare Earth Elements (REES) -Ferro-cerium & other pyrophoric alloys - expressed in tonnes.
Apparent consumption is calculated as Production + Imports - Exports for each country in the ERA.
Rare earth elements have important applications in magnets (important for electric vehicles and wind turbines), batteries, metallurgy, catalysts, polishing powders and glass additives, phosphors and other application such as ceramics, fibre optics and lasers.1
- 1. European Commission DG Enterprise and Industry - Report On Critical Raw Materials For The Eu Critical Raw Materials Profiles. http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/10010/attachments/1/translations/... Downloaded 21.4.2016
Read more
Domestic material consumption (DMC)
Amount of Domestic Material Consumption weighted by population "The DMC is defined as the total amount of material directly used in an economy and equals direct material input (DMI) minus exports. DMI measures the direct input of materials for the use in the economy. DMI equals domestic extraction (DE) plus imports".1
Monitoring overall developments in Domestic Material Consumption per capita can inform where and when policy interventions for more efficient use are likely to have the greatest urgency and potential for impact. From there on it makes sense to look at more specific types of Domestic Material Consumption.Read more
Domestic material consumption - Biomass
Volumes of Domestic Material Consumption weighted by population in the sector "Biomass". For more information on Domestic Material Consumption please refer to the indicator "Domestic Material Consumption (DMC)".
High biomass endowments can make bio-based solutions more attractive. At the same time, increased biomass consumption also runs risk of rivalry with other important use forms.Read more
Domestic material consumption - Fossil fuels & energy carriers
Volumes of Domestic Material Consumption weighted by population in the sector "Fossil fuels & energy carriers".
For more information on Domestic Material Consumption please refer to the indicator "Domestic Material Consumption (DMC)".
Monitoring developments in Domestic Material Consumption of fossil fuels and energy can inform where and when policy interventions for more efficient use are likely to have the greatest urgency and potential for impact.Read more
Domestic material consumption - Metal ores
Volumes of Domestic Material Consumption weighted by population in the sector "Metal ores (gross ores)". For more information on Domestic Material Consumption please refer to the indicator "Domestic Material Consumption (DMC)".
Monitoring developments in Domestic Material Consumption of metal ores per capita can inform where and when policy interventions for more efficient use are likely to have the greatest urgency and potential for impact.Read more
Domestic material consumption - Non metallic minerals
Volumes of Domestic Material Consumption weighted by population in the sector "Non metallic minerals".
For more information on Domestic Material Consumption please refer to the indicator "Domestic Material Consumption (DMC)".
Monitoring developments in Domestic Material Consumption of non-metallic materials per capita can inform where and when policy interventions for more efficient use are likely to have the greatest urgency and potential for impact.Read more
Energy dependence
Energy dependency shows the extent to which an economy relies upon imports in order to meet its energy needs. The indicator is calculated as net imports divided by the sum of gross inland energy consumption plus bunkers.
Energy efficiency can help to reduce energy dependence.Read more
Energy intensity level of primary energy
The ratio between energy supply and GDP measured at purchasing power parity. This is an indication (or measure) of how much energy is used to produce one unit of GDP.
Energy intensity is a measure of how efficiently countries use energy to produce economic output: low energy intensity means high efficiency; high energy intensity means low efficiency.Read more
GHG emissions per capita
Greenhouse gas emissions (expressed in terms of CO2 emission equivalents) per capita.
The right kind of bio-based solutions can help to reduce GHG emissions.Read more
GHG emissions per capita - Agriculture sector
Greenhouse gas emissions (expressed in terms of CO2 emission equivalents) per capita related to the "Agriculture" sector
High emissions from the agricultural sector point to the potential contribution of biological solutions to climate change mitigation.Read more
GHG emissions per capita - Energy sector
Greenhouse gas emissions (expressed in terms of CO2 emission equivalents per capita) attributed to the "Energy" sector.
Concern about GHG emissions can lead to either encouragement and discouragement of investments into fossil fuel efficiency, depending on the time horizon. The development of GHG per capita due to the energy sector can give an indications of where efficiency potentials may be. For a more complete picture it is...Read more
GHG emissions per capita - Industrial processes
Greenhouse gas emissions (expressed in terms of CO2 emission equivalents) per capita related to the "Industrial processes" sector.
Concern about GHG emissions can lead to either encouragement and discouragement of investments into fossil fuel efficiency, depending on the time horizon. The development of GHG per capita due to industrial processes can give an indications of where efficiency potentials may be. For a more complete picture it is important...Read more
GHG emissions per capita - Waste sector
Greenhouse gas emissions (expressed in terms of CO2 emission equivalents) per capita related to the "Waste" sector.
Monitoring the development of GHG emission per capita due to the waste sector over time and across countries can provide information on where support for greater energy efficiency is most urgent and likely to have the most impact.Read more
Implicit tax rate on energy
This indicator is defined as the ratio between energy tax revenues and final energy consumption calculated for a calendar year (Eurostat).
Higher tax rates increase demand for efficiency measures.Read more
Raw material consumption (RMC) per capita
Amount of Raw Material Consumption (RMC) weighted by population, expressed in Tonnes per capita. RMC expresses the raw material extraction carried out to produce the goods consumed within an economy.
Environmental deterioration can lead to higher awareness and stimulate search processes to avert crisesRead more
Waste to landfill
Measures waste to landfill in kg per capita.
High waste to landfill ratios point to opportunities in the form of waste reduction and recycling.Read more
Eurobarometer survey - Environmental concern
Percentage of people indicating to the Eurobarometer Survey that environmental concerns are among the two most important issues in their country at the moment.
A higher prioritisation of environmental issues should translate into more support for sustainable agriculture. It can legitimise but also delegitimise agricultural innovations, depending on their perceived sustainability impact.Read more
Scientific publications - Bioeconomy
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Bioeconomy-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications - Climate Adaptation
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Climate Adaptation-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications - Critical materials
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Critical materilas-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications - Energy Efficiency
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Energy Efficiency-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications - Environmental governance
Number of publications published in the top20 journals within the "Environmental Governance" research area.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications - Fossil Fuel Efficiency
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Fossil fuel efficiency-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications - Material Efficiency
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Material efficiency-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications - Renewable Energy
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Renewable Energy-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications - Soil sciences
Number of publications published in the top20 journals within the "soil sciences" research area.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications - Waste & Recycling
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Waste&Recycling-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications - Water & Wastewater
Number of publications published in the top20 journals within the "Water & Wastewater" research area.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per 1000 researchers - Bioeconomy
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Bioeconomy-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per thousand researchers”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per 1000 researchers - Climate Adaptation
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Climate Adaptation-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per thousand researchers”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per 1000 researchers - Critical materials
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Critical materials-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per thousand researchers”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activityRead more
Scientific publications per 1000 researchers - Energy Efficiency
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Energy Efficiency-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per thousand researchers”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per 1000 researchers - Environmental governance
Number of publications per thousand researchers published in the top20 journals within the "Environmental Governance" research area.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activityRead more
Scientific publications per 1000 researchers - Fossil Fuel Efficiency
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Fossil fuel efficiency-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per thousand researchers”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activityRead more
Scientific publications per 1000 researchers - Material Efficiency
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Material efficiency-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per thousand researchers”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activityRead more
Scientific publications per 1000 researchers - Renewable Energy
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Renewable Energy-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per thousand researchers”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per 1000 researchers - Soil sciences
Number of publications per thousand researchers published in the top20 journals within the "soil sciences" research area.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per 1000 researchers - Waste & Recycling
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Waste&Recycling-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per thousand researchers”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per 1000 researchers - Water & Wastewater
Number of publications per thousand researchers published in the top20 journals within the "Water & Wastewater" research area.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per mill. inhab. - Bioeconomy
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Bioeconomy-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per one million inhabitants”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per mill. inhab. - Climate Adaptation
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Climate Adaptation-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per one million inhabitants”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per mill. inhab. - Critical materials
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Critical materials-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per one million inhabitants”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per mill. inhab. - Energy Efficiency
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Energy Efficiency-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per one million inhabitants”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per mill. inhab. - Environmental governance
Number of publications per one million inhabitants published in the top20 journals within the "Environmental Governance" research area.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per mill. inhab. - Fossil Fuel Efficiency
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Fossil fuel efficiency-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per one million inhabitants”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per mill. inhab. - Material Efficiency
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Material efficiency-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per one million inhabitants”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per mill. inhab. - Renewable Energy
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Renewable Energy-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per one million inhabitants”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per mill. inhab. - Soil sciences
Number of publications per one million inhabitants published in the top20 journals within the "soil sciences" research area.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per mill. inhab. - Waste & Recycling
The indicator shows the number of scientific publications (peer-reviewed articles) published in academic journals containing at least one of the "Waste&Recycling-related" keywords in Title, Abstract, or List of keywords. The indicator is expressed in terms of “Number of publications per one million inhabitants”.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more
Scientific publications per mill. inhab. - Water & Wastewater
Number of publications per one million inhabitants published in the top20 journals within the "Water & Wastewater" research area.
Be aware that due to delayed data entries in the original database the values for the last couple of years might be underestimated and could possibly increase over the next years. Have this in mind when working with data from recent years.
Publications serve as proxy for research and knowledge diffusion activity.Read more