List of IPC and CPC codes used in patent applications in renewable energy technologies
• 4.1.1. Wind energy Y02E10/70
• − Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction: blades or rotors, components or gearbox, control of turbines, generator,
• nacelles, onshore and offshore towers
• − Wind turbines with rotation axis perpendicular to the wind direction
• − Power conversion electric or electronic aspects; for grid-connected applications; concerning power management inside
• the plant, e.g. battery (dis)charging, operation, hybridisation
• Y02E10/70-766
• 4.1.2. Solar thermal energy Y02E10/40
• − Tower concentrators; Dish collectors; Fresnel lenses; Heat exchange systems; Trough concentrators
• − Conversion of thermal power into mechanical power, e.g. Rankine, Stirling solar thermal engines; Thermal updraft
• − Mountings or tracking
• Y02E10/40-47
• 4.1.3. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy Y02E10/50
• − PV systems with concentrators
• − Material technologies: CuInSe2 material PV cells; Dye sensitized solar cells; Solar cells from Group II-VI materials; Solar
• cells from Group III-V materials; Microcrystalline silicon PV cells; Polycrystalline silicon PV cells; Monocrystalline silicon
• PV cells; Amorphous silicon PV cells; Organic PV cells
• − Power conversion electric or electronic aspects: for grid-connected applications; concerning power management inside
• the plant, e.g. battery (dis)charging, operation, hybridisation; Maximum power point tracking [MPPT] systems
• Y02E10/50-58
• 4.1.4. Solar thermal-PV hybrids Y02E10/60
• 4.1.5. Geothermal energy Y02E10/10
• − Earth coil heat exchangers; Compact tube assemblies, e.g. geothermal probes
• − Systems injecting medium directly into ground, e.g. hot dry rock system, underground water
• − Systems injecting medium into a closed well
• − Systems exchanging heat with fluids in pipes, e.g. fresh water or waste water
• Y02E10/10-18
• 4.1.6. Marine energy Y02E10/30
• − Oscillating water column [OWC]
• − Ocean thermal energy conversion [OTEC]
• − Salinity gradient
• − Wave energy or tidal swell, e.g. Pelamis-type
• Y02E10/30-38
• 4.1.7. Hydro energy Y02E10/20
• − Conventional, e.g. with dams, turbines and waterwheels
• − Tidal, stream or damless hydropower, e.g. sea flood and ebb, river, stream
• Y02E10/20-28
• 4.2. ENERGY GENERATION FROM FUELS OF NON-FOSSIL ORIGIN Y02E50
• 4.2.1. Biofuels Y02E50/10
• − CHP turbines for biofeed
• − Gas turbines for biofeed
• − Bio-diesel
• − Bio-pyrolysis
• − Torrefaction of biomass
• − Cellulosic bio-ethanol
• − Grain bio-ethanol
• − Bio-alcohols produced by other means than fermentation
• Y02E50/10-18
• 4.2.2. Fuel from waste Y02E50/30
• − Synthesis of alcohols or diesel from waste including a pyrolysis and/or gasification step
• − Methane production by fermentation of organic by-products, e.g. sludge; Methane from landfill gas
Y02E50/30-346
• 4.6. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES (Technologies with potential or indirect contribution to emissions mitigation) Y02E60
• 4.6.1. Energy storage Y02E60/10-17
• 4.6.1.1. Batteries Y02E60/12
• − Lithium-ion batteries
• − Alkaline secondary batteries, e.g. NiCd or NiMH
• − Lead-acid batteries
• − Hybrid cells
• 4.6.1.2. Capacitors Y02E60/13
• − Ultracapacitors, supercapacitors, double-layer capacitors
• 4.6.1.3. Thermal storage Y02E60/14
• − Sensible heat storage, Latent heat storage, Cold storage
• 4.6.1.4. Pressurised fluid storage Y02E60/15
• 4.6.1.5. Mechanical storage Y02E60/16
• − Mechanical energy storage, e.g. flywheels
4.6.1.6. Pumped storage Y02E60/17
• 4.6.2. Hydrogen technology Y02E60/30-368
• − Hydrogen storage: Storage of liquefied, solidified, or compressed hydrogen in containers; Storage in caverns; Reversible
• uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium (e.g. carbon, metal, rare earth metal, metal alloy, organic compound)
• − Hydrogen distribution
• − Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources: by chemical reaction with metal hydrides, e.g. hydrolysis of
• metal borohydrides; by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. splitting of water other than electrolysis, ammonia
• borane; by electrolysis of water; by photo-electrolysis
• 4.6.3. Fuel cells Y02E60/50-566
• − Fuel cells
• − characterised by type or design: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells [PEMFC], Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells [DAFC],
• Direct Methanol Fuel Cells [DMFC]; Solid Oxide Fuel Cells [SOFC]; Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells [MCFC]; Bio Fuel Cells;
• Regenerative or indirect fuel cells, e.g. redox flow type batteries
• − integrally combined with other energy production systems: Cogeneration of mechanical energy, e.g. integral combination
• of fuel cells and electric motors; Production of chemical products inside the fuel cell; incomplete combustion
• 4.6.4. Smart grids in the energy sector Y02E60/70
• − Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies
• mediating in the improvement of the carbon footprint of electrical power generation, transmission or distribution, i.e. smart
• grids as enabling technology in the energy generation sector
Y02E60/70-7892
• 4.7. OTHER ENERGY CONVERSION OR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS REDUCING GHG EMISSIONS Y02E70
• − Hydrogen from electrolysis with energy of non-fossil origin, e.g. PV, wind power, nuclear
• − Systems combining fuel cells with production of fuel of non-fossil origin
• − Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin
• − Energy efficient batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors charging or discharging systems or
methods, e.g. auxiliary power consumption reduction, resonant chargers or dischargers, resistive losses minimization
• 6.1.3. Electric vehicles
• Electric machine technologies for applications in electromobility
• − Electric machine technologies for applications in electromobility
• o characterised by aspects of the electric machine
• o Control strategies of electric machines for automotive applications
• o Control strategies for ac machines other than vector control
• o Control strategies for dc machines
• o Number of electric drive machines: one, two, or more
• Y02T10/64-649
• Energy storage for electromobility
• Energy storage for electromobility
• − Batteries, e.g. lithium ion battery, lead acid battery
• − Capacitors, supercapacitors or ultracapacitors
• − Mechanical energy storage devices, e.g. flywheels
• − Energy storage management
• − Electromobility-specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
Y02T10/70-7094
• Electric energy management in electromobility
• Electric energy management in electromobility
• − Electric power conversion within the vehicle
• − Optimisation of vehicle performance
• o Automated control
• o Desired performance achievement
• o Optimisation of energy management
• o Route optimisation
Y02T10/72-7291
• 6.5.1. Electric vehicle charging
• − Electric charging stations
• o by conductive energy transmission
• o by inductive energy transmission
• o by exchange of energy storage elements
• o Alignment between the vehicle and the charging station
• o Converters or inverters for charging
• o Energy exchange control or determination
• − Plug-in electric vehicles
• − Information or communication technologies [ICT] improving the operation of electric vehicles
• o Navigation
• o ICT for charging station selection (suitability, location, availability)
• o Smart grids as interface for battery charging of electric and hybrid vehicles; Remote or cooperative charging
• operation; Aspects supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles, e.g. recognition, authentication,
• identification or billing
• Y02T 90/10-169
• 6.5.2. Application of fuel cell and hydrogen technology to transportation
• − Application of fuel cell technology to transportation
• o Fuel cells specially adapted to transport applications, e.g. automobile, bus, ship
• o Fuel cell powered electric vehicles [FCEV]
• o Fuel cells as on-board power source in aeronautics
• o Fuel cells as on-board power source in waterborne transportation
• − Application of hydrogen technology to transportation
• o Hydrogen as fuel for road transportation
• o Hydrogen as fuel in aeronautics
• o Hydrogen as fuel in waterborne transportation
• Y02T 90/30-38
Y02T 90/40-46